Rebirth 2008: I Can Make Money Reading

Single chapter: Knowledge of autonomous driving (no subscription required)

Popular science, I have compiled some pictures, just take a look if you are interested, you probably know something.

Different organizations have different grading standards for autonomous driving: the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) of the United States divides autonomous driving into five levels, while the International Society of Automatic Mechanical Engineers (SAE) divides it into six levels from L0 to L5. The classification of L0, L1, and L2 of both is the same, the difference is that NHTSA's L4 is subdivided into L4 and L5 by SAE.

There are many SAE standards in China.

L0: No automatic configuration, the driver drives the vehicle entirely by himself, without any active safety configuration (no ABS or anything).

——This type of car has almost disappeared in the market. Safety is being emphasized all over the world. It is basically impossible to sell a car without any active safety configuration.

L1: Driving assistance, the vehicle has certain functions to assist the driver to perform specific tasks of lateral or longitudinal vehicle movement (but not at the same time to complete complex tasks such as parallel overtaking), and the driver assumes most of the vehicle control capabilities.

——Models with functions such as cruise control and ABS brakes are common in the market. Before Tesla appeared, 99% of the cars in the world were of this kind

L2: Advanced driving assistance, the vehicle has a certain ability to assist the driver in performing tasks including lateral and vertical vehicle movement (the vehicle can autonomously perform specific and complex tasks), but the driver needs to monitor the vehicle in real time to complete these tasks.

L3: Automatic driving in a specific scenario (ODD). When the vehicle is performing "dynamic driving" (DDT), with the consent of the owner, the automatic driving system (ADS) can fully intervene in the driving of the vehicle. Of course, the owner can correct the errors that occur when the vehicle is driving automatically at any time.

——The vehicle can realize automatic driving in specific scenarios (high speed, low speed, parking), but the owner needs real-time monitoring. Unlike L2, this is a complete end-to-end process (End to End), not called out while driving task.

L4: Advanced automatic driving. All operations of the vehicle are realized through the automatic driving system when the vehicle is driving. In the execution scenario (ODD), the vehicle has no illogical performance (no error), and does not require the owner's operation intervention at all.

——The vehicle completes automatic driving in specific scenarios without the need for a car owner. It's a bit like a fully automatic subway. The whole world is thinking about how to reach L4. Scientists have spent a long time researching in this field, and they have also fantasized about this for a long time.

L5: Regardless of whether it is in a specific execution scenario (ODD), the vehicle can reach the destination through automatic driving without the owner's operation.

——Anytime, anywhere, on call, the kind of automatic driving that you don't even need to enter the parking lot, the ultimate goal of transportation.

The following are some pictures, open to see.

1) Grading diagram

2) Radar function map

3) System industry chain diagram

4) Comparison chart of camera and radar performance

5) Body radar and camera distribution map